Contamination status and exposure risk of mycotoxins in Coicis Semen / 中国中药杂志

By investigating the contamination status and predicting the exposure risk of mycotoxin in Coicis Semen, we aim to provide guidance for the safety supervision of Chinese medicinal materials and the formulation(revision) of mycotoxin limit standards. The content of 14 mycotoxins in the 100 Coicis Semen samples collected from five major markets of Chinese medicinal materials in China was determined by UPLC-MS/MS. The probability evaluation model based on Monte Carlo simulation method was established after Chi-square test and One-way ANOVA of the sample contamination data. Health risk assessment was performed on the basis of margin of exposure(MOE) and margin of safety(MOS). The results showed that zearalenone(ZEN), aflatoxin B_1(AFB_1), deoxynivalenol(DON), sterigmatocystin(ST), and aflatoxin B_2(AFB_2) in the Coicis Semen samples had the detection rates of 84%, 75%, 36%, 19%, and 18%, and the mean contamination levels of 117.42, 4.78, 61.16, 6.61, and 2.13 μg·kg~(-1), respectively. According to the limit standards in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition), AFB_1, AFs and ZEN exceeded the standards to certain extents, with the over-standard rates of 12.0%, 9.0%, and 6.0%, respectively. The exposure risks of Coicis Semen to AFB_1, AFB2, ST, DON, and ZEN were low, while 86% of the samples were contaminated with two or more toxins, which needs more attention. It is suggested that the research on the combined toxicity of different mycotoxins should be strengthened to accelerate the cumulative exposure assessment of mixed contaminations and the formulation(revision) of toxin limit standards.

Aflatoxin levels and prevalence of TP53 aflatoxin-mutations in hepatocellular carcinomas in Mexico / Niveles de aflatoxina y prevalencia de mutaciones del gen TP53 por aflatoxina en carcinoma hepatocelular en México

Abstract: Objective: To determine the exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in southern Mexico and the presence of the aflatoxin signature mutation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue from patients from a cancer referral center. Materials and methods: We estimated the prevalence and distribution of AFB1 in a representative sample of 100 women and men from Chiapas using the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2018-19. We also examined the presence of the aflatoxin signature mutation in codon 249 (R249S), and other relevant mutations of the TP53 gene in HCC tissue blocks from 24 women and 26 men treated in a national cancer referral center. Results: The prevalence of AFB1 in serum samples was 85.5% (95%CI 72.1-93.1) and the median AFB1 was 0.117 pg/µL (IQR, 0.050-0.350). We detected TP53 R249S in three of the 50 HCCs (6.0%) and observed four other G>T transversions potentially induced by AFB1. Conclusion: Our analysis provides evidence that AFB1 may have a relevant role on HCC etiology in Mexico.

Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar la exposición a aflatoxina_B1 (AFB1) en el sur de México y la presencia de la mutación característica de AFB1 en tejido de carcinoma hepatocelular (CHC) de pacientes de un centro oncológico. Material y métodos: Se estimó la prevalencia y distribución de AFB1 en una muestra representativa de 100 mujeres y hombres de Chiapas a partir de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2018-19. También se observó la presencia de la mutación característica de AFB1 en el codón 249 (R249S), y otras mutaciones relevantes del gen TP53 en bloques de tejido de CHC de 24 mujeres y 26 hombres estudiados en un centro de referencia nacional de oncología. Resultados: La prevalencia de AFB1 en las muestras de suero fue de 85.5% (IC95% 72.1-93.1) y la mediana de la concentración 0.117 pg/µL (IQR, 0.050-0.350). Se detectó TP53 R249S en tres de 50 casos de CHC (6.0%) y se observaron cuatro transversiones G>T potencialmente inducidas por AFB1. Conclusión: El presente análisis proporciona evidencia de que la AFB1 puede tener un papel relevante en la etiología del CHC en México.

Molecular characterization of mycotoxin-producing Aspergillus parasiticus and sensitivity pattern to different disinfectants

Aims@#The study was aimed to isolate and characterize the mycotoxin-producing filamentous Aspergillus parasiticus from the feed samples. The sensitivity pattern of the isolates was assessed against different disinfectants.@*Methodology and results@#Fifty different feed samples were screened for A. parasiticus isolation. Isolates were subjected to macroscopic and microscopic characterization. Polymerase chain reaction was performed to confirm the isolates at the genomic level. Mycotoxin producing potential of the isolates was assessed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). To quantify the toxins, high performance liquid (HPLC) was employed. The antifungal potential of disinfectants was determined by the well diffusion method followed by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) calculation. Out of twenty isolates of A. parasiticus, 11(55%) isolates were observed positive for toxin production. Three toxigenic isolates (AspP2, AspP4 and AspP8) were selected to evaluate their susceptibility against disinfectants by well diffusion method. AspP2 produced maximum (5.90 ng/mL) toxin, followed by AspP4 (3.11 ng/mL) and AspP8 (18.47 ng/mL). Terralin showed maximum fungicidal activity with 29.66 ± 8.08 mm zone of inhibition at 0.42 μg/mL MIC. Hypochlorite and Instru Star showed 99% disinfection with 30, 60 and 90 min contact time (6 mean log reduction) for all A. parasiticus isolates. Alpha Guard inhibited growth after 15 min contact time for all the isolates.@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#This study provides data indicating the contamination of feed samples with mycotoxin-producing A. parasiticus isolates and their sensitivity against commercially available disinfectants. Use of these disinfectants in appropriate concentrations and time could help prevent the contamination of food, feed and healthcare settings with the fungal species.

Methods for synchronous detection of 14 mycotoxins in Pseudostellariae Radix and investigation on its contamination / 中国中药杂志

This study aimed to establish a method for synchronous detection of 14 mycotoxins in Pseudostellariae Radix and investigate its contamination with mycotoxins, so as to provide technical guidance for monitoring the quality of Chinese medicinal materials and medication safety. The sample was extracted with 80% acetonitrile in an oscillator for 1 h, purified using the modified QuEChERS purifying agent(0.1 g PSA + 0.3 g C_(18) + 0.3 g MgSO_4), and separated on a Waters HSS T3 chromatographic column(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.8 μm). The gradient elution was carried out with 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile, followed by the scanning in the multi-reaction monitoring(MRM) mode and the analysis of mycotoxin contamination in 26 Pseudostellariae Radix samples. The recovery rates of the established method were within the range of 82.17%-113.6%, with the RSD values less than 7% and the limits of quantification(LOQ) being 0.019-0.976 μg·kg~(-1). The detection rate of 14 mycotoxins in 26 batches of medicinal materials was 53.85%. The detection rate of sterigmatocystin(ST) was the highest, followed by those of zearalenone(ZEN), aflatoxin G_2(AFG_2), fumonisin B_1(FB_1), HT-2 toxin, and nivalenol(NIV). Their respective detection rates were 38.46%, 26.92%, 23.08%, 11.54%, 11.54%, and 7.69%, with the pollution ranges being 1.48-69.65, 0.11-31.05, 0.11-0.66, 0.28-0.83, 20.86-42.56, and 0.46-1.84 μg·kg~(-1), respectively. The established method for the detection of 14 mycotoxins is accurate, fast and reliable. The research results have very important practical significance for guiding the monitoring and prevention and control of exogenous fungal contamination of Chinese medicinal materials.

Potential use of lemongrass essential oil as fungicide against Aspergillus brasiliensis and as post-harvest protectant of wheat

Fungi are among the main responsible for damage and loss in stored grains, its control has been done through synthetic substances, which are harmful to man and the environment. Brazil, one of the leading countries in agriculture, has optimal environmental conditions for the development of mycotoxigenic fungi. Most of the synthetic chemicals used as preservatives have often been realized to be toxic to humans and also cause adverse environmental effects. Thus, it is necessary to search for alternative methods of controlling. In this study the aimed was to evaluate the efficacy of lemongrass essential oil in the control of the Aspergillus brasiliensis. In vitro and serial microdilution tests were carried out at different concentrations of essential oil and citral, which corresponds to 72% of the total oil composition. Inhibition of fungal growth on contaminated wheat grain was evaluated. The in vitro test results showed that the essential oil has fungicidal potential at concentrations from 0.6 956;L mL-1, the minimum inhibitory concentration was determined at 0.8 956;L mL-1. The tests with citral showed fungal control at concentrations from 0.6 956;L mL-1 onwards. For wheat grain, fungal growth inhibition was obtained at the concentration of 1.6 956;L mL-1. The essential oil of Cymbopogon flexuosus showed fungicidal activity against the fungus Aspergillus brasiliensis.

Identification and Production of Beauvericin by Fusarium subglutinansand F. sacchari from Sugarcane

Abstract Fusarium is producing several important mycotoxins including beauvericin (BEA). Two species of Fusarium viz. F. subglutinans and F. sacchari cause the Pokkahboeng disease of sugarcane. The studies on the occurrence and toxicity of BEA are scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the isolates of Fusarium and detect their ability to produce BEA. The toxicity of BEA was also tested on brine shrimp Artemia salina. Many isolates of Fusarium were isolated from the infected plants of sugarcane in Malaysia. We identified the species of Fusarium according to their morphological characteristics. The capability of Fusarium isolates for producing the BEA was estimated by using a thin layer chromatography. The toxicity bioassay of BEA was conducted on the brine shrimp larvae. The results were identified on F. subglutinans and F. sacchari in 55 isolates of Fusarium. All isolates demonstrated the ability to produce BEA. Interestingly, BEA exhibited variation in toxicity between low toxic to very higher toxicity 100%. F. subglutinans and F. sacchari were able to produce BEA and possibly BEA may be causing toxicity in the host tissue and may be acting as a potential pathogenicity factor. Therefore, we consider BEA as an interesting factor in determining the virulence of fusarium isolate.

Selected performance parameters in laying hens and broiler chickens receiving diets containing Colombian corn or corn imported from the United States / Parámetros de rendimiento en gallinas ponedoras y pollos de engorde que recibieron dietas que contenían maíz colombiano y maíz importado de los Estados Unidos / Parâmetros de desempenho em galinhas poedeiras e frangos de corte recebendo dietas contendo milho colombiano ou milho importado dos Estados Unidos

Abstract The present study evaluated possible differences in production performance and egg quality parameters in laying hens and broiler chickens fed diets formulated with corn produced in Colombia or corn imported from the United States. For the laying hen trial, eighty 24-week-old Hy-Line Brown hens were randomly distributed into two treatments, each with 40 individually caged birds. The diets contained 56.7% corn and were provided ad libitum for 20 weeks. For the broiler chicken trial, 352 male one-day-old Ross 308 AP chicks were randomly distributed into two dietary treatments, with 8 replicate pens of 22 birds each. The diets contained between 51.0 (starter) and 59.6% (finisher) corn and were provided ad libitum for 35 days. Data from the 20 experimental weeks from the laying hen trial showed a trend for higher egg weight (p = 0.06) in the hens fed the diet containing national corn (61.4 vs. 59.9 g), coupled with a slightly lower feed conversion rate (1.95 vs. 1.97). In regard to egg quality, yolk color showed higher values (p < 0.01) for the eggs from the hens fed national corn at weeks 4 and 12, but lower at week 20. Haugh units were significantly higher (p = 0.002) in the eggs from the birds fed national corn (106 vs. 102). The broiler chicken trial showed a significantly lower (p = 0.04) cumulative feed conversion rate for the chickens fed the diet containing national corn compared with those fed the imported corn (1.37 vs. 1.42). Carcass yield showed a significantly (p < 0.01) higher breast percentage in the chickens fed the imported corn (27.9% vs. 26.3%). The results of two trials showed some differences in production parameters in layers and broilers that favored the use of national corn compared with imported corn. More studies are needed to determine if these differences are seen in full production cycles (laying hens) and to investigate possible differences in complete diets for other domestic species.

Resumen Este estudio evaluó posibles diferencias en el rendimiento zootécnico y los parámetros de calidad del huevo en gallinas ponedoras y pollos de engorde alimentados con dietas formuladas con maíz producido en Colombia o maíz importado de los Estados Unidos. Para el ensayo con gallinas ponedoras, se utilizaron 80 gallinas Hy-Line Brown de 24 semanas de edad que se distribuyeron aleatoriamente en dos tratamientos, cada uno con 40 aves enjauladas individualmente. Las dietas contenían 56,7% de maíz y se proporcionó ad libitum durante 20 semanas. Para el ensayo con pollos de engorde, se utilizaron 352 pollos Ross 308 AP machos de un día de edad que se distribuyeron aleatoriamente en dos tratamientos, con 8 réplicas de 22 aves cada una. Las dietas contenían 51,0% (iniciador) a 59,6% (finalizador) de maíz y se proporcionaron ad libitum durante 35 días. Durante las 20 semanas experimentales del ensayo con las ponedoras se observó una tendencia a un mayor peso del huevo (p=0,06) en las gallinas alimentadas con la dieta que contenía maíz nacional (61,4 vs. 59,9 g), acompañada de una conversión alimenticia ligeramente inferior (1,95 vs.1,97). En cuanto a la calidad del huevo, el color de la yema mostró valores más altos (p < 0,01) para los huevos de las gallinas alimentadas con maíz nacional en las semanas 4 y 12, pero más bajos en la semana 20. Las unidades de Haugh fueron significativamente más altas (p= 0,002) en los huevos de las aves alimentadas con maíz nacional (106 vs. 102). El ensayo con pollos de engorde mostró una conversión alimenticia acumulada significativamente menor (p=0,04) para los pollos alimentados con la dieta que contenía maíz nacional en comparación con los alimentados con el maíz importado (1,37 vs. 1,42). El rendimiento en canal para la pechuga fue significativamente mayor (p < 0,01) en los pollos alimentados con el maíz importado (27,9% vs. 26,3%). Los resultados de estos dos ensayos mostraron algunas diferencias en los parámetros de producción en gallinas y pollos de engorde que favorecieron el uso de maíz nacional en comparación con el maíz importado. Sin embargo, se requieren más estudios para determinar si estas diferencias se observan en ciclos de producción completos (gallinas ponedoras) e investigar posibles diferencias utilizando como modelo experimental otras especies animales.

Resumo O estudo avaliou possíveis diferenças nos parâmetros de desempenho zootécnico e a qualidade dos ovos em galinhas poedeiras e frangos de corte alimentados com dietas formuladas com milho produzido na Colômbia ou milho importado dos Estados Unidos. Para o ensaio de poedeiras, 80 galinhas da linhagem Hy-Line Brown de 24 semanas de idade foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em dois tratamentos, cada um com 40 aves em gaiolas individuais. As dietas foram à base de 56,7% de milho e o fornecimento ad libitum foi durante 20 semanas. Para o teste de frango de corte, 352 machos de um dia de idade, da linhagem Ross 308 AP, foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois tratamentos, com 8 repetições de 22 aves cada. As dietas continham entre 51,0% (iniciador) e 59,6% (finalizador) de milho e foram fornecidas ad libitum por 35 dias. Os dados das 20 semanas experimentais do ensaio com poedeiras mostraram uma tendência de um maior peso do ovo (P=0,06) em galinhas alimentadas com a dieta de milho nacional (61,4 vs. 59,9 g), junto com a conversão alimentar que foi ligeiramente menor (1,95 vs.1,97). Em termos de qualidade do ovo, a coloração da gema apresentou valores mais elevados (P < 0,01) para ovos de aves alimentadas com milho nacional nas semanas 4 e 12, porém foi menor na semana 20. As unidades Haugh foram significativamente maiores (P=0,002) nos ovos de aves alimentadas com milho nacional (106 vs.102). O teste de frango de corte mostrou uma conversão alimentar cumulativa significativamente menor (P=0,04) em frangos alimentados com dieta contendo milho nacional em comparação com os alimentados com milho importado (1,37 vs. 1,42). O rendimento de carcaça apresentou uma porcentagem de peito significativamente (p <0,01) maior em frangos alimentados com milho importado (27,9% vs. 26,3%). Os resultados dos estudos mostraram algumas diferenças nos parâmetros de produção em poedeiras e frangos de corte que favoreceram o uso de milho nacional em relação ao importado. No entanto, mais estudos são necessários para determinar se essas diferenças são observadas em ciclos completos de produção (galinhas poedeiras) e para investigar possíveis diferenças em dietas completas para outras espécies animais.

Fungal and Mycotoxin Contamination of Stored Maize in Kogi, Northcentral Nigeria: An Implication for Public Health

The maize value chain in the Kogi State and most parts of the country from where maize is purchased into the State lacks mechanisms that ensure grain quality and safety. Against the above-backdrop, this study was designed to evaluate toxigenic fungi and associated mycotoxins in maize produced within different agro-zones of Kogi State. Harvested and stored maize seeds under different storage conditions were collected from three different zones (Zone B Bassa, Zone C Lokoja, and Zone D Idah) and cultured. Different fungal species were isolated by culturing using the spread plate technique on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and identified microscopically. Mycotoxin production by isolated fungi was subsequently evaluated for Deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination using the High-Performance Liquid Chromatography technique (HPLC). The outcome of the study was statistically analysed using simple frequencies and percentages. Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. were the fungi found to be associated with the stored seeds in Kogi, while Fusarium spp. Mucor spp. and Rhizopus spp. were the field fungi identified. Of the thirteen samples collected, the most common genera were Aspergillus (isolated from 41.67% of the evaluated samples), Fusarium (27%) and in a lesser extent Rhizopus spp. (8.33%). The result also shows DON was detected in 92.3% of the stored maize samples, making it one of the widespread mycotoxin contaminants of maize grain. Implications of this study for human and animal health and economic development were discussed and appropriate recommendations made especially for adoption of proper storage technology among small-scale farmers for improved maize quality and safety.

Mycotoxin residues in different chicken products by HPLC and their inactivation ‎using Gamma radiation

Mycotoxin residues were studied in different chicken products by HPLC and their inactivation using Gamma radiation. 120 differentchicken products were examined for the presence of mycotoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA) using highly accurate and preciseHPLC-FLD assay. High recovery was achieved by purification of the sample extract using immunoaffinity columns (IAC). Derivatization ofAFs was carried out with a 0.005% aqueous solution of pyridine hydrobromide perbromide (PBPB) by utilizing a post-column LC pump.The incidence of mycotoxins in analyzed chicken products showed that the level of Afla B1, Afla B2, and Afla G2 were 10 % for each and ofAfla G1 and Ochra A were ranged from 10 to 16.7% for each. The results showed that the highest concentration of examined mycotoxinswas present in the liver as the liver is the harbor site of mycotoxin residues. The influence of different gamma irradiation rays (6, 8, and 10kGy) was studied on the reduction of the existed in examined chicken products. There is a positive connection between the elevation ofgamma irradiation dose used to the samples and the reduction level of total mycotoxins current in these samples, whereby, the mostreduction percentage of mycotoxins were achieved at 10 kGy; it reaches 19.6% for total mycotoxins, 27% for AF B1, 40.43% for AF B2,59.42% for AF G1, 92.15% for AF G2, and 73.44% for OTA.

Modern research on detection technology of exogenous pollutants in Chinese materia medica / 中草药

The residues of exogenous pollutants in Chinese materia medica (CMM) have become an important cause of adverse reactions of CMM, including agricultural/veterinary drug residues, heavy metal contamination, mycotoxin residues, pathogenic microbial contamination and other organic pollutant residues according to their sources. This paper reviews the modern research on inspection objects and detection methods of main exogenous pollutants in CMM, with view to providing reference and basis for supplementing, perfecting and improving the quality and safety system of CMM.

Mycological quality of pecan nuts from Brazil: absence of aflatoxigenic fungi and aflatoxins / Qualidade micológica de nozes pecan do Brasil: ausência de fungos aflatoxigênicos e aflatoxinas

ABSTRACT: In recent years, Brazil has encouraged the cultivation of pecans to meet both demands of domestic and international market of nuts. New genetic varieties of pecans have been selected in recent years, but available scientific information on the occurrence of fungi and aflatoxins in the international literature is out of date. Therefore, the present study aimed to quantify and identify fungal microbiota and the presence of aflatoxins in pecan nuts cultivated in southern Brazil. Fifty-two pecan nut lots (Barton variety) were obtained from producers from 19 cities of Rio Grande do Sul State and analyzed by direct plating in Agar Dichloran Glycerol 18% (DG18) and Aspergillus Flavus and Parasiticus Agar (AFPA), following incubation at 25 °C for 7 days. Aflatoxins analyses were carried out using HPLC coupled with a mass spectrometer. Results revealed at least 10 different genera of fungi. Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Cladosporium were predominant. Xerophilic species of Aspergillus (A. wentii, A. ruber, A. pseudoglaucus, and A. chevalieri) were commonly reported in the samples. No potential aflatoxin-producing species was isolated and no aflatoxins were detected (LOQ=1 μg/kg and LOD=0.1 μg/kg for AFB1 and AFB2, and 0.3 μg/kg for AFG1 and AFG2) in the evaluated samples. The absence of this carcinogenic group of mycotoxins is highly positive and could boost the investments in the sector, as well as stimulate the commercialization and consumption of this variety of nut.

RESUMO: Nos últimos anos, o Brasil tem incentivado o cultivo de pecãs para atender a demanda do mercado nacional e internacional de nozes. Novas variedades genéticas de pecãs foram selecionadas nos últimos anos, mas informações científicas disponíveis sobre a ocorrência de fungos e aflatoxinas na literatura internacional estão desatualizadas. Portanto, o presente estudo objetivou quantificar e identificar a microbiota fúngica e a presença de aflatoxinas em nozes cultivadas no sul do Brasil. Cinquenta e dois lotes de nozes (variedade Barton) foram obtidos de produtores de 19 municípios do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul e analisados ​​por meio de Ágar Dicloran Glicerol 18% (DG18) e Aspergillus Flavus e Parasiticus Agar (AFPA), após incubação em 25 °C durante 7 dias. Análises de aflatoxinas foram realizadas usando HPLC acoplado a um espectrômetro de massa. Os resultados revelaram pelo menos 10 gêneros diferentes de fungos. Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium e Cladosporium foram predominantes. Espécies xerofílicas de Aspergillus (A. wentii, A. ruber, A. pseudoglaucus e A. chevalieri) foram comumente encontradas nas amostras. Nenhuma espécie potencial produtora de aflatoxinas foi isolada e nenhuma aflatoxina foi detectada (LOQ=1 μg/kg e LOD=0,1 μg/kg para AFB1 e AFB2; e 0,3 μg/kg para AFG1 e AFG2) nas amostras avaliadas. A ausência desse grupo carcinogênico de micotoxinas é altamente positiva e pode impulsionar os investimentos no setor, além de estimular a comercialização e o consumo dessa variedade de nozes.

Análise de aflatoxinas em pastas de amendoim comercializadas no mercado central de Belo Horizonte, MG

Aflatoxicose é uma intoxicação resultante da ingestão de aflatoxinas presentes nos alimentos. O quadro clínico está diretamente relacionado ao grau de contaminação do produto, tempo e quantidade ingerida pelo individuo assim como seu estado nutricional. O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a presença de aflatoxina em amostras selecionadas de pastas de amendoim comercializadas em Belo Horizonte, MG e correlacionar com a legislação vigente no Brasil e em outros países. Para tal, foram coletadas uma amostra de cada marca diferente de pasta de amendoim integral, sem adição de outros ingredientes, comercializadas no Mercado Central, em Belo Horizonte-MG, em dezembro de 2016. Como critério de escolha foram selecionadas todas as marcas comercializadas no referido estabelecimento, com a descrição de pasta de amendoim integral sem adição de açúcar e outros ingredientes. Os resultados mostraram que em todas as amostras analisadas a quantidade de aflatoxina encontrada foi menor que 2,0 µg/kg de amostra, dentro do recomendado na legislação brasileira e internacional.

Aflatoxicosis is an intoxication caused by the ingestion of aflatoxins present in food. The symptoms are directly related to the degree of contamination of the product, time and amount of ingest by the individual as well as their nutritional status. The present study aimed to determine the presence of aflatoxin in peanut pastes commercialized in Belo Horizonte, MG and correlate with current legislation in Brazil and other countries. For this purpose, six samples of whole peanut paste, without addition of other ingredients, commercialized at the Central Market in Belo Horizonte, MG, in December 2016. As a selection criterion, all the brands marketed in the establishment were selected. Description of whole peanut paste without added sugar and other ingredients. The results showed that in all analyzed samples the amount of aflatoxin found was lower than 2.0 µg / kg of sample, within the recommended in international and Brazilian legislation.

Análise de aflatoxinas em pastas de amendoim comercializadas no mercado central de Belo Horizonte, MG

Aflatoxicose é uma intoxicação resultante da ingestão de aflatoxinas presentes nos alimentos. O quadro clínico está diretamente relacionado ao grau de contaminação do produto, tempo e quantidade ingerida pelo individuo assim como seu estado nutricional. O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a presença de aflatoxina em amostras selecionadas de pastas de amendoim comercializadas em Belo Horizonte, MG e correlacionar com a legislação vigente no Brasil e em outros países. Para tal, foram coletadas uma amostra de cada marca diferente de pasta de amendoim integral, sem adição de outros ingredientes, comercializadas no Mercado Central, em Belo Horizonte-MG, em dezembro de 2016. Como critério de escolha foram selecionadas todas as marcas comercializadas no referido estabelecimento, com a descrição de pasta de amendoim integral sem adição de açúcar e outros ingredientes. Os resultados mostraram que em todas as amostras analisadas a quantidade de aflatoxina encontrada foi menor que 2,0 µg/kg de amostra, dentro do recomendado na legislação brasileira e internacional

Aflatoxicosis is an intoxication caused by the ingestion of aflatoxins present in food. The symptoms are directly related to the degree of contamination of the product, time and amount of ingest by the individual as well as their nutritional status. The present study aimed to determine the presence of aflatoxin in peanut pastes commercialized in Belo Horizonte, MG and correlate with current legislation in Brazil and other countries. For this purpose, six samples of whole peanut paste, without addition of other ingredients, commercialized at the Central Market in Belo Horizonte, MG, in December 2016. As a selection criterion, all the brands marketed in the establishment were selected. Description of whole peanut paste without added sugar and other ingredients. The results showed that in all analyzed samples the amount of aflatoxin found was lower than 2.0 µg / kg of sample, within the recommended in international and Brazilian legislation

Progress in bio-degradation of mycotoxin zearalenone / 生物工程学报

Zearalenone (ZEN) and its derivatives are non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxins mainly produced by Fusarium species. They are widely distributed in grain feeds originated from maize, barley, wheat and sorghum, causing serious harm to animal and human health. Currently, there is a pressing need of an efficient technology for ZEN degradation and detoxification. Because traditional physical and chemical methods could not effectively detoxify ZEN in grains, and might also affect the grain nutrients and food taste, and even result in secondary pollution, the biological technologies are developed to detoxify ZEN and its derivatives. In this paper, we reviewed the structure of ZEN and its derivatives, the fungi and bacteria species with ability of degradation of ZEN. In addition, the characterization, protein sequences and conformation of currently identified ZEN degrading enzymes, the only solved ZHD structure from Clonostachys rose were analyzed and compared, and the enzymes heterologous expression and application were also reviewed. This review will provide reference for reducing the cost of ZEN degrading enzymes by biological technologies such as enzyme engineering and fermentation engineering.

Influence of Temperature and Water Activity on Deleterious Fungi and Mycotoxin Production during Grain Storage

Cereal grains are the most important food source for humans. As the global population continues to grow exponentially, the need for the enhanced yield and minimal loss of agricultural crops, mainly cereal grains, is increasing. In general, harvested grains are stored for specific time periods to guarantee their continuous supply throughout the year. During storage, economic losses due to reduction in quality and quantity of grains can become very significant. Grain loss is usually the result of its deterioration due to fungal contamination that can occur from preharvest to postharvest stages. The deleterious fungi can be classified based on predominance at different stages of crop growth and harvest that are affected by environmental factors such as water activity (a(w)) and eco-physiological requirements. These fungi include species such as those belonging to the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium that can produce mycotoxins harmful to animals and humans. The grain type and condition, environment, and biological factors can also influence the occurrence and predominance of mycotoxigenic fungi in stored grains. The main environmental factors influencing grain fungi and mycotoxins are temperature and a(w). This review discusses the effects of temperature and a(w) on fungal growth and mycotoxin production in stored grains. The focus is on the occurrence and optimum and minimum growth requirements for grain fungi and mycotoxin production. The environmental influence on aflatoxin production and hypothesized mechanisms of its molecular suppression in response to environmental changes are also discussed. In addition, the use of controlled or modified atmosphere as an environmentally safe alternative to harmful agricultural chemicals is discussed and recommended future research issues are highlighted.

Exposure risk assessment of aflatoxin B1 in edible vegetable oil by using the margin of exposure in Guangxi / 中国食品卫生杂志

Objective This report aims to assess the exposure risk of aflatoxin B1 in edible vegetable oil in Guangxi.Methods By using margin of exposure (MOE),the report analyzes the dietary exposure of aflatoxin B1 in edible vegetable oil with the data from contamination survey and dietary intake survey.Results For the vegetable oil sample,the content of aflatoxin B1 was between 0.50-320.00 μg/kg.The detection rate of peanut oil was 78.08％ (114/146) which was higher than other vegetable oil,and the exceeding rate was 31.51％ (46/146).For peanut oil,the average content was 30.80 μg/kg,the dietary exposure of the population was 17.30 ng/kg BW,and the MOE was 18.For the prepackaged peanut oil samples,the average content of aflatoxin B1 was 6.33 μg/kg,which was below the limit.While for the bulk peanut oil,the average content of AFB1 was 41.50 μg/kg,which was more than 1.08 times of the limit,and the dietary exposure was 25.59 ng/kg BW.The MOE of bulk peanut oil was 12,1/8 of the prepackaged peanut oil.Conclusion Food safety regulators should pay more attention to bulk peanut oil products,the priority in the risk management measures.At the same time,related department should also promote healthy education for the residents.

Simultaneous determination of sixteen mycotoxins contaminants in cogon rootstalk by QuEChERS-UPLC-QqQ mass spectrometry / 中国中药杂志

A method for the simultaneous determination of sixteen mycotoxins in cogon rootstalk was developed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadropole mass spectrometry(UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS). The samples were extracted with acetonitrile contained 1% acetic acid and purified by QuEChERS method. The separation was performed on an Agilent Eclipse Plus C₁₈column by gradient elution using methanol and 0.01% aqueous formic acid as mobile phase. The targeted compounds were detected in MRM mode by mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization(ESI)source operated in positive ionization mode. The linear relationships of the sixteen mycotoxins were good in their respective linear ranges. The correlation coefficients(r)ranged among 0.996 2-1.000. The LOQs of the sixteen mycotoxins were between 0.03 and 186.68 μg•kg ⁻¹. The average recoveries ranged from 60.28% to 129.2% with relative standard deviations(RSDs)within 0.29%-11%. The results demonstrated that the proposed method was sensitive and accurate, and suitable for the mycotoxins quantification in cogon rootstalk.

Evaluation of the supplementation of a feed additive as a potential protector against the adverse effects of 2. 5 ppm T-2 toxin on growing broiler chickens / Avaliação da suplementação de um aditivo alimentar como um protetor potencial contra os efeitos adversos de 2, 5ppm de toxina T-2 em frangos em crescimento

A trial was conducted to evaluate a feed additive containing epoxidase activity from a bacterium (Mycofix-S) as a potential protection against the adverse effects of 2.5 ppm dietary T-2 toxin in male growing broiler chickens. A total of 144 one-day-old Ross 308 male chicks were individually wing-banded and allotted into each of the four experimental groups. Group 1: negative control, no T-2 toxin or additive; group 2: Mycofix-S, 2.5 g/kg; group 3: positive control, 2.5 ppm T-2 toxin; group 4: 2.5 ppm T-2 toxin + 2.5 g/kg Mycofix-S. Feed and water were provided ad libitum for 28 days (days 1 to 28 of age). Each experimental treatment was replicated 6 times, with 6 birds per replicate pen. Response variables included performance parameters, serum activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and amylase, relative weight of selected organs and histology of the upper digestive system. T-2 toxin at 2.5 ppm significantly (P = 0.016) decreased the 28-day body weight gain and cumulative feed intake without affecting feed conversion. The feed additive counteracted these adverse effects. Serum enzyme activities were not significantly (P>0.05) affected for the four experimental groups but when data from the groups receiving T-2 toxin was pooled and compared against the pooled data from groups without the toxin a significant decrease in amylase activity was observed in chickens receiving T-2 toxin. The histological examination of the upper digestive system revealed lesions in mouth, esophagus, proventriculus, gizzard and duodenum in the chickens fed T-2 toxin without the additive. Chickens fed T-2 toxin plus the additive showed lesions in the same tissues except in the duodenum. The results of the present study show that the addition of 2.5 g/kg of the feed additive tested protects against adverse effects on performance and also the integrity of the duodenal mucosa.(AU)

Foi realizado um experimento com o objetivo de avaliar um aditivo alimentar contendo atividade de epoxidase de uma bactéria (Mycofix-S) como proteção potencial contra os efeitos adversos de uma dieta com 2,5ppm de toxina T-2 em frangos de corte machos. Um total de 144 pintos machos Ross 308 de um dia de idade foram marcados na asa individualmente e alocados em um de quatro grupos experimentais: grupo 1: controle negativo, sem toxina T-2 ou aditivo; grupo 2: 2,5g/kg de Mycofix-S; grupo 3: controle positivo, 2,5ppm de toxina T-2; grupo 4: 2,5ppm de toxina T-2 + 2,5g/kg de Mycofix-S. Alimento e água foram fornecidos ad libitum por 28 dias (dias um a 28 de idade). Cada tratamento experimental foi replicado seis vezes, com seis pintos por gaiola de replicação. As variáveis de resposta incluíram parâmetros de desempenho, atividade sérica de fosfatase alcalina (ALP) e amilase, peso relativo de órgãos selecionados e histologia do sistema digestivo superior. A toxina T-2 a 2,5ppm diminuiu significativamente (P = 0.016) o ganho de peso corporal aos 28 dias e o consumo de alimento acumulado, sem afetar a conversão alimentar. O aditivo diminuiu os efeitos adversos. As atividades séricas das enzimas não foram afetadas significativamente (P>0.05) nos quatro grupos experimentais, porém, quando os dados dos grupos que receberam a toxina T-2 foram combinados e comparados com o pool de dados dos grupos sem toxina, foi observado um decréscimo significativo da atividade de amilase nos frangos que receberam a toxina T-2. O exame histológico do sistema digestivo superior revelou lesões em boca, esôfago, pró-ventrículo, moela e duodeno nos frangos alimentados com toxina T-2 sem aditivo. Frangos alimentados com toxina T-2 mais aditivo mostraram lesões nos mesmos tecidos, exceto no duodeno. Os resultados do presente estudo mostram que a adição de 2,5g/kg do aditivo alimentar testado protege contra os efeitos adversos sobre o desempenho e a integridade da mucosa duodenal.(AU)

Simultaneous determination of 11 mycotoxins in malt by isotope internal standard-UPLC-MS/MS / 药学学报

A suitable ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for the determination of 11 mycotoxins with isotope internal standard in malt. The mycotoxins in malt were extracted and purified by one-step ultrasonic extraction procedure using acetonitrile/water/acetic acid (80:19:1), and then detected and confirmed by UPLC-MS/MS, and quantified by isotope labeled AFB1 ([13C17]-AFB1) and ZEN ([13C18]-ZEN) internal standards. Rapid separation of the 11 mycotoxins was successfully achieved on a Phenomenex Kinetex C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 2.6 μm) with gradient elution using the mobile phase of methanol containing 0.1% formic acid and 2 mmol·L-1 ammonium acetate in water. Simultaneous acquisition was performed in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode with electrospray ionization (ESI) source operated in both positive and negative ionization modes. The established method provided a good linearity for the 11 mycotoxins within their respective linear ranges with correlation coefficients all higher than 0.999 1. The average recoveries ranged from 75.0% to 117.0% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) below 5.1%. The limits of detection (LODs) and quantitation (LOQs) ranged from 0.05 to 30 μg·kg-1 and 0.15 to 87.5 μg·kg-1, respectively, which were below the maximum residue levels (MRLs) set by the European Union. Twenty malt samples were analyzed and nine samples were detected with mycotoxins, which were confirmed according to the same fragment ions found in positive samples and the standards at the same retention time. This study has demonstrated that the one-step extraction procedure of mycotoxins from complex matrices coupled to UPLC-MS/MS method is simple, quick, accurate and sensitive for quantitative and qualitative analysis of multiple mycotoxins in malt.